Premise 1: Modern Science Is Proving The Existence of God

Challenge 1: The Cosmological Evidence For God

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics argue that the universe’s beginning can be explained without God. They suggest possibilities like quantum fluctuations, unknown physical laws, or hypothetical multiverse models—even though none of these have been observed or shown to create a universe from true nothingness.

What Christians Say: Christians point out that all the scientific evidence—Big Bang cosmology, the expansion of the universe, background radiation, and thermodynamics—consistently points to a real beginning of time, space, matter, and energy. Anything that begins to exist must have a cause. That cause must be outside the universe, immaterial, timeless, and unimaginably powerful—precisely the attributes of the biblical Creator.

For Example: Just as a book requires an author and a house requires a builder, a universe with a definite starting point requires a cause greater than itself. Nothing cannot produce a universe. The Big Bang is not “something coming from nothing”—it is evidence that Someone acted.

Challenge Question: If the entire universe—including space, time, matter, and energy—had a real beginning, what natural cause could exist outside the universe to bring it into existence?

Challenge 2: The Fine-Tuning of the Universe Shows There Is A God

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics argue that the appearance of fine-tuning is either an illusion or the accidental result of countless universes. They claim that if enough universes exist, eventually one will “luck into” the right laws and constants for life—ours just happens to be the lucky one. But these ideas remain purely speculative and have never been observed, tested, or confirmed.

What Christians Say: Christians point out that the laws and constants of physics fall within an incredibly narrow life-permitting range. Gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear forces, the cosmological constant, the early expansion rate, and dozens of other factors must be exactly right—often fine-tuned to one part in trillions. Such precision, Christians argue, is best explained by an intelligent Mind who designed the universe with purpose and intention.

For Example: Fine-tuning is like setting every dial on a massive control panel to a razor-thin value. If even one dial—gravity, the expansion rate, or the nuclear force—was adjusted by even a fraction, stars wouldn’t form, chemistry wouldn’t work, and life would never exist. The universe looks less like a cosmic accident and more like a carefully calibrated masterpiece.

Challenge Question: If the fundamental constants of the universe are precisely set to allow life—and even tiny changes would make life impossible—what is the most reasonable explanation: blind luck, or deliberate design by an intelligent Creator?

Challenge 3: The Origin Of Biological Information Proves There Is A God

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics argue that the information inside DNA arose through natural processes such as random mutation, chemical reactions, or undirected evolutionary mechanisms. They maintain that, given enough time, simple molecules could form increasingly complex structures and eventually produce the coded instructions needed for life. Yet no experiment has ever demonstrated a natural process capable of generating the kind of functional, digitally encoded information required for even the simplest living cell.

What Christians Say: Christians contend that the digital code in DNA—four chemical “letters” arranged in precise, information-rich sequences—is unmistakable evidence of an intelligent mind. Every known source of complex, specified information (languages, books, software, blueprints) comes from a conscious creator. The cell’s information-processing system, complete with error correction, reading frames, molecular machines, and coordinated instructions, points beyond chemistry to an intelligent Designer who authored life.

For Example: Just as a computer program cannot write itself by accident, the genetic “software” of life cannot emerge from unguided chemistry. DNA contains millions of bits of organized information that direct how proteins are built, how cells replicate, and how organisms function. Information always points back to an informer.

Challenge Question: If every known instance of complex, coded information comes from an intelligent source, what natural process could possibly write the digital instructions found in DNA?

Premise 2: Human Cognition Testifies That Their Is A God

Challenge 1: Human Cognition Points Beyond Itself To A Divine Mind.

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics argue that human cognition—our ability to reason, recognize moral truths, use language, think abstractly, and form concepts—is simply the product of blind evolutionary processes. They claim that consciousness and rationality emerged from matter through natural selection without any guiding intelligence, and that the mind is nothing more than the brain. In this view, even our sense of “truth” is just a survival mechanism rather than something grounded in objective reality.

What Christians Say: Christians maintain that human cognition points beyond itself to a divine Mind. Our capacity to reason, to grasp universal moral truths, to understand logic, mathematics, beauty, and meaning—abilities that cannot be explained by purely material processes—reflects the image of God placed within us. Christian thinkers argue that trustworthy rationality cannot arise from unguided matter; only a rational Creator can ground the human mind’s ability to know truth.

For Example: Consider abstract reasoning—our ability to do mathematics, create symbolic language, imagine possibilities, or think about the future. These abilities provide no clear evolutionary survival advantage, yet they exist universally in humans. A purely material brain cannot produce immaterial concepts like justice, truth, beauty, or meaning. These point to an immaterial and intelligent Source.

Challenge Question: If the human mind is the accidental result of unguided processes, why should we trust it to reliably discover truth about anything—including science, morality, or reality itself?

Challenge 2: The Human Conscience Cannot Be Explained By Evolution

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics claim that the human conscience—our inner sense of right and wrong—developed as a social survival mechanism. According to this view, moral feelings such as guilt, obligation, justice, and compassion are simply instincts shaped by evolution to help early humans cooperate and avoid conflict. They argue that morality is subjective, culturally constructed, and ultimately rooted in biology rather than in any divine moral standard.

What Christians Say: Christians believe that the human conscience is evidence of a moral Lawgiver. Our universal awareness of moral duty—across cultures, eras, and belief systems—reflects the moral nature of the God who created us. While societies may differ on details, all humans recognize concepts such as justice, fairness, honesty, and sacrificial love. This deep, internal moral compass is far too powerful, consistent, and self-sacrificing to arise from evolutionary self-preservation alone. Scripture teaches that God has written His law on the human heart, and the conscience is one expression of His moral imprint. (Romans 2:14-15)

For Example: Consider the human instinct to protect the weak, defend strangers, or sacrifice for someone who offers no benefit in return. These actions often work against individual survival, yet they appear universally in human societies. A purely evolutionary explanation struggles to justify why people willingly risk their lives for moral principles that offer no survival advantage. The most natural explanation is that humans are responding to an objective moral law that originates outside of themselves.

Challenge Question: If morality is nothing more than a biological survival instinct, why do humans consistently act against their own self-interest in order to uphold justice, protect the innocent, or do what they believe is right?

Challenge 3: Human Language Cannot Be Explained By Evolution

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics argue that human language slowly evolved from primitive grunts, gestures, and vocalizations used by early hominids. They claim that language developed gradually as groups needed better communication for survival, cooperation, and social bonding. According to this view, language is not a unique gift but a byproduct of brain evolution—essentially an advanced form of animal communication.

What Christians Say: Christians maintain that human language is a powerful indicator of divine design. Language is symbolic, abstract, rule-based, and infinitely generative—qualities not found in any animal communication system. The ability to use grammar, syntax, metaphor, and conceptual meaning cannot be explained by incremental evolutionary steps. Scripture teaches that God speaks, creates through His word, and designed humans in His image with the unique capacity for speech, reason, and meaningful communication. Human language reflects the mind of a God who communicates.

For Example: Consider the structure of even the simplest human sentence. It carries layered meaning, symbolism, intention, and grammatical rules. Children acquire language rapidly and intuitively—far faster than evolution can explain—and they do so without formal instruction. Animals can signal danger or desire, but they cannot talk about the past, imagine future possibilities, discuss abstract ideas, or form logically complex sentences. This enormous gap between human and animal communication points to a qualitative, not gradual, difference.

Challenge Question: If human language arose through small evolutionary steps, why is there no evidence of transitional “proto-languages” in animals—yet fully developed, rule-based language appears suddenly and universally in humans?

Premise 3: The Coming Of Jesus Proves There Is A God

Challenge 1: The Incarnation Of Jesus Is Proof That God Is Real

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics argue that the incarnation—the belief that God became human in the person of Jesus—is a theological invention created by early Christians. They claim that stories of divine beings taking human form appear in many ancient religions and that the New Testament narratives evolved through legend, community tradition, or myth-making. Some skeptics also argue that eyewitness accounts cannot be trusted, suggesting that the disciples exaggerated or misinterpreted Jesus’s identity and miracles. From this perspective, the incarnation is not historical evidence but a religious belief shaped by culture and imagination.

What Christians Say: Christians maintain that the incarnation is one of the strongest historical demonstrations of God’s existence. The New Testament presents Jesus not merely as a moral teacher but as God in human flesh—one who lived, spoke, acted, and died in history. The Gospels record eyewitness testimonies from those who saw His miracles, heard His teaching, and witnessed His resurrection. The incarnation reveals a God who is personal, relational, and willing to enter human history to redeem humanity. Scripture teaches that Jesus is the eternal Word who was with God and was God, and who became flesh and lived among us, providing a visible, historical revelation of the invisible God.

For Example: The opening of John’s Gospel declares that the eternal Word existed before creation, was with God, and was God—and that this divine Word became human and lived among us. This is not presented as myth but as eyewitness history (“we have seen His glory” John 1:1-18). Jesus demonstrated divine authority through miracles, fulfilled prophecy, perfect moral character, and His resurrection. These events convinced His closest followers—ordinary Jews fiercely committed to monotheism—that He was truly God incarnate. The historical reality of Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection offers concrete evidence that God is not a philosophical idea but a real, active presence in the world.

Challenge Question: If Jesus truly lived, taught, performed miracles, fulfilled prophecy, and rose from the dead—as testified by multiple eyewitnesses—what better explanation is there for His identity than the one He Himself gave: that He is God in human form?

Challenge 2: Jesus Is God’s Revelation Of His Exact Nature

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics argue that Jesus was simply an exceptional moral teacher whose followers elevated Him to divine status over time. They claim that the idea of Jesus revealing the exact nature of God is a theological interpretation, not a historical fact. According to this view, passages that describe Jesus as the “image of the invisible God” or the “radiance of God’s glory” reflect later church doctrine, not Jesus’s own self-understanding. Skeptics also suggest that the portraits of Jesus in the Gospels are shaped by bias, legend, and theological agendas rather than by accurate reporting of His true identity.

What Christians Say: Christians believe that Jesus is the clearest and most complete revelation of God’s character, nature, and will. Scripture teaches that Jesus is “the image of the invisible God” and “the exact representation of His being,” revealing what God is like in human form. His compassion for the broken, His authority over nature, His power to forgive sins, His moral perfection, and His sacrificial love display the very heart of God. By looking at the life and teachings of Jesus, Christians believe we see God’s justice, mercy, purity, and holiness embodied in a person. Jesus’s life makes the invisible God visible.

For Example: The Gospels record moments where Jesus reveals divine attributes—such as calming a storm with a word, healing the sick with compassion, forgiving sins as though He were the offended God, and teaching with unmatched authority. His interactions with people show God’s heart for the outcast, the sinner, and the broken. His resurrection provides the ultimate confirmation of His divine identity. These historical accounts demonstrate that Jesus did not merely talk about God—He revealed Him through everything He did.

Challenge Question: If Jesus truly reflects God’s exact nature—as seen in His compassion, authority, miracles, and resurrection—what alternative explanation can account for a life so perfectly aligned with the character of God described throughout Scripture?

Challenge 3: Jesus’s Power And Wisdom Proved He Was Divine

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics argue that stories of Jesus’s miracles and unmatched wisdom were exaggerated or written long after the events. They claim that His followers embellished His teachings and miraculous works to elevate Him beyond the status of a normal rabbi. Some skeptics admit Jesus was influential but insist that tales of supernatural power were added for theological effect, not historical accuracy. According to this view, Jesus was a gifted moral philosopher whose later followers transformed Him into a miracle-working divine figure.

What Christians Say: Christians believe that Jesus’s power and wisdom were so extraordinary that even His enemies, critics, and secular observers acknowledged them. The Gospels portray Jesus consistently performing acts no ordinary human could accomplish—healing the sick, calming storms, casting out demons, reading hearts, and teaching with supernatural authority. Jesus’s parables, insights into human nature, and moral teachings remain unmatched in depth and clarity. His power and wisdom were so undeniable that people either worshiped Him or feared Him; no one viewed Him as a mere teacher. The combination of His miraculous power and divine wisdom demonstrates a life that reflects the very nature of God.

For Example: Even non-Christian ancient historians recorded that Jesus was known for performing “unusual” or “wondrous” works. The Jewish historian Josephus wrote that Jesus was “a doer of wonderful works” and had a reputation beyond ordinary teachers. The Roman historian Tacitus acknowledged that Jesus had gathered a large following because of His influence and deeds. The Talmud—written by those hostile to Christianity—refers to Jesus performing extraordinary acts, though they attributed them to sorcery rather than deny the miracles outright. These secular sources confirm that Jesus was widely known for supernatural power and remarkable wisdom, even among those who did not believe in Him. His enemies did not claim He performed no miracles—they argued only about the source of His power.

Challenge Question: If Jesus’s power and wisdom were so extraordinary that even secular historians, critics, and enemies acknowledged them, what better explanation is there for such a life than the one the Gospels give—that He was truly divine?

Challenge 4: Jesus Himself Claimed To Be God

What Skeptics Say: Skeptics argue that Jesus never actually claimed to be God, and that such statements were added later by His followers. They suggest that titles like “Son of God,” “I Am,” and claims of divine authority reflect early Christian theology, not Jesus’s own words. Some skeptics admit that Jesus was a profound moral teacher but insist that His divinity is a legend that grew over time as the early church tried to elevate Him beyond what He intended. From this perspective, Jesus’s identity as God is a misunderstanding—or an exaggeration—created long after His death.

What Christians Say: Christians believe that Jesus openly and repeatedly claimed to be God in ways unmistakable to His original Jewish audience. He forgave sins as though He were the offended deity, accepted worship, used God’s personal name (“I Am”), claimed unity with the Father, and spoke with divine authority. C.S. Lewis famously argued that because Jesus claimed equality with God, neutrality is impossible: Jesus cannot simply be regarded as a great moral teacher. If His claims were false, He was either lying or deluded. But if He was neither liar nor lunatic, then the only reasonable conclusion is that He truly is Lord—God in human form.

For Example: When Jesus said, “Before Abraham was born, I Am,” He directly applied God’s sacred name to Himself, prompting accusations of blasphemy. When He forgave sins, the religious leaders responded, “Who can forgive sins but God alone?” Jesus accepted worship (something no righteous Jew would ever do) and taught with personal authority: “You have heard it said… but I tell you…”—placing His words above Scripture. These are not the actions of a mere teacher. They are the actions of someone who believed He was God. Lewis argues that if Jesus made such claims dishonestly, He would be a liar; if He sincerely believed them but was wrong, He would be a lunatic; but if His claims are true, then He is Lord.

Challenge Question: If Jesus repeatedly claimed divine authority, accepted worship, forgave sins, and identified Himself with God’s own name, how can He be dismissed as only a great teacher—and not what He declared Himself to be: Lord? How could He be considered a great moral teacher if He was lying about this?

ThinkCube Truth Veracity Grid

1. Have I considered the facts carefully and with an open mind?
2. Is my conclusion the result of careful examination of the facts, or is it a conclusion made in spite of the facts?
3. Is my conclusion the one that makes the most sense of the evidence?